Chakra: BackgroundThe word comes from the
Sanskrit cakra चक्र meaning "
wheel" or "
circle" (also
cognate to both words), and sometimes also referring to the "wheel of life". The pronunciation of this word can be approximated in English by chuhkruh, with ch as in chart and both instances of a as in yoga (the commonly found pronunciation shockrah is incorrect). Some traditional sources describe five or seven chakras, others eight.
The chakras are described as being aligned in an ascending column from the base of the
spine to the top of the head. In new age practices, each chakra is associated with a certain
color. In various traditions chakras are associated with multiple physiological functions, an aspect of
consciousness, a
classical element, and other distinguishing characteristics. They are visualised as lotuses with a different number of petals in every chakra.
The chakras are thought to vitalise the physical body and to be associated with interactions of a physical, emotional and mental nature. They are considered loci of life energy, or
prana, (also called
shakti,
chi (Chinese), coach-ha-guf (Hebrew), bios/
aether (Greek, English)), which is thought to flow among them along pathways called
nadis ). The function of the chakras is to spin and draw in this Universal Life Force Energy to keep the spiritual, mental, emotional and physical health of the body in balance.
Traditional Chinese medicine also relies on a similar model of the human body as an energy system.
The New Age movement has led to an increased interest in the West regarding chakras. Many in this movement point to a correspondence between the position and role of the chakras and those of the
glands in the
endocrine system. Some people in New Age also claim that other chakras, besides the above, exist — for instance, ear chakras — and have described many more chakras than made reference to in traditional texts. Frequent references are made to the chakras in the New Age "sacred sexuality" or
neotantra movement.
The chakras are described in the tantric texts the Sat-Cakra-Nirupana, and the Padaka-Pancaka, in which they are described as emanations of consciousness from Brahman, an energy emanating from the spiritual which gradually turns concrete, creating these distinct levels of chakras, and which eventually finds its rest in the
Muladhara chakra. They are therefore part of an
emanationist theory, like that of the
kabbalah in the west,
lataif-e-sitta in
Sufism or
neo-platonism. The energy that was unleashed in creation, called the
Kundalini, lies coiled and sleeping at the base of the spine. It is the purpose of the
tantric or
kundalini forms of
yoga to arouse this energy, and cause it to rise back up through the increasingly
subtler chakras, until union with God is achieved in the
Sahasrara chakra at the crown of the head. In
Microcosmic_orbit energy also comes back down the front torso nadi (and can branch to limb nadis in
Macrocosmic_orbit) and enters the
tantiens: when it returns to the heart (and cycles down and reascends to the head) further meditation/contemplation or union with deity develops.
Apart from this primary text from India, different Western authors have tried to describe the chakras, most notably the
Theosophists. Many New Age writers, such as the Danish author and musician
Peter Kjærulff in his book, The Ringbearer's Diary, or
Anodea Judith in her book Wheels of Life, have written their opinions about the chakras in great detail, including the reasons for their appearance and functions.
The seven chakras are said by some to reflect how the unified consciousness of humanity (the immortal human being or the soul), is divided to manage different aspects of earthly life (body/instinct/vital energy/deeper emotions/communication/having an overview of life/contact to
God). The chakras are placed at differing levels of spiritual subtlety, with Sahasrara at the top being concerned with pure consciousness, and
Muladhara at the bottom being concerned with matter, which is seen simply as crudified consciousness.
Origins and developmentThe earliest known mention of chakras is found in the later
Upanishads, including specifically the
Brahma Upanishad (Mahavadana 1953) and the Yogatattva Upanishad. These
Vedic models were adapted in
Tibetan Buddhism as
Vajrayana theory, and in the
Tantric Shakta theory of chakras.[
citation needed]
The seven chakras and the five elements in Tantra. Origin :
Chakras Images DatabaseIt is the
shakta theory of 7 main chakras that most people in the West adhere to, either knowingly or unknowingly, largely thanks to a translation of two Indian texts, the Sat-Cakra-Nirupana, and the Padaka-Pancaka, by Sir
John Woodroffe, alias Arthur Avalon, in a book entitled The Serpent Power.
This book is extremely detailed and complex, and later the ideas were developed into what is predominant western view of the Chakras by the
Theosophists, and largely the controversial (in theosophical circles)
C. W. Leadbeater in his book The Chakras, which are in large part his own meditations and insights on the matter.
That said, many present-day Indian gurus that incorporate chakras within their systems of philosophy do not seem to radically disagree with the western view of chakras, at least on the key points, and both these eastern and western views have developed from the Shakta Tantra school.
There are various other models of chakras in other traditions, notably in Chinese medicine, and also in Tibetan Buddhism. Even in Jewish
kabbalah, the different
Sephiroth are sometimes associated with parts of the body. In
Islamic Sufism,
Lataif-e-Sitta ( Six Subtleties ) are considered as psychospiritual "organs" or faculties of sensory and suprasensory perception, activation of which makes a man complete. Attempts are made to try and reconcile the systems with each other, and notably there are some successes, even between such diverged traditions as Shakta Tantra, Sufism and Kabbalism, where chakras, lataif and Sephiroth can seemingly represent the same
archetypal spiritual concepts. In
Surat Shabda Yoga,
initiation by an Outer Living
Satguru (Sat - true,
Guru - teacher) is required and involves reconnecting soul to the Shabda and stationing the Inner Shabda Master (the Radiant Form of the Master) at the
third eye chakra.[
citation needed]
The Seven basic chakrasSahasrara
Sahasrara or the crown chakra is said to be the chakra of consciousness, the master chakra that controls all the others. Its role would be very similar to that of the
pituitary gland, which secretes hormones to control the rest of the endocrine system, and also connects to the
central nervous system via the
hypothalamus. The
thalamus is thought to have a key role in the physical basis of
consciousness. Symbolised by a lotus with a thousand petals. Color violet. It is located above the head outside the body.
Ajna
Ajna or the
third eye is linked to the
pineal gland. Ajna is the chakra of time and awareness and of light. The pineal gland is a light sensitive gland, that produces the hormone
melatonin, which regulates the instincts of going to sleep and awakening. It has been conjectured that it also produces trace amounts of the psychedelic chemical
dimethyltryptamine. Symbolised by a lotus with two petals. Color- indigo
(Note: some argue that the pineal and pituitary glands should be exchanged in their relationship to the Crown and Brow chakras, based on the description in Arthur Avalon's book on
kundalini called Serpent Power or empirical research.)
Vishuddha
Vishuddha or the throat chakra is said to be related to communication and growth, growth being a form of expression. This chakra is paralleled to the
thyroid, a gland that is also in the throat, and which produces
thyroid hormone, responsible for growth and maturation. Symbolised by a lotus with sixteen petals. Color- blue
Anahata
Anahata or the heart chakra is related to higher emotion, compassion, love, equilibrium, and well-being. It is related to the
thymus, located in the chest. This organ is part of the
immune system, as well as being part of the endocrine system. It produces
T cells responsible for fighting off disease, and is adversely affected by
stress. Symbolised by a lotus with twelve petals. Color- Green
Manipura
Manipura or the
solar plexus chakra is related to the transition from base to higher emotion, energy, assimilation and digestion, and is said to correspond to the roles played by the
pancreas and the outer
adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex. These play a valuable role in
digestion, the conversion of food matter into energy for the body. Symbolised by a lotus with ten petals. Color- yellow
SwadhisthanaSwadhisthana or the
sacral chakra is located in the groin, and is related to base
emotion,
sexuality and creativity. This chakra is said to correspond to the testicles or the ovaries, that produce the various
sex hormones involved in the
reproductive cycle, which can cause dramatic
mood swings. Symbolised by a lotus with six petals. Color- Orange
Muladhara
Muladhara or the base or root chakra is related to instinct, security, survival and also to basic human potentiality. This centre is located in the region between the genitals and the anus. Although no endocrine organ is placed here, it is said to relate to the inner
adrenal glands, the adrenal medulla, responsible for the fight and flight response when survival is under threat. In this region is located a muscle that controls ejaculation in the sexual act. A parallel is drawn between the
sperm cell and the
ovum, where the
genetic code lies coiled, and the
kundalini. Symbolised by a lotus with four petals. Color Red
Thanks to some really good friends and cool people, I have been learning quite a bit about life and the spiritual side of things. The best way I can thank these people and fellow souls, is by passing on what they are showing me. Hopefully, it will help some of you that are asking questions and looking to elevate your consciousness.A couple of sites that may give you more are:Chakra - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and New Age, metaphysical, bookstore, spiritual, enlightenment Peace & Soulz,Bobby Sharpewww.myspace.com/akuasharpe